Kennedy, J. (2015, October). Beyond
Beliefs: Examining Online Self-efficacy and Learner
Engagement
in Distance Education. In E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in
Corporate,
Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education (Vol.
2015, No. 1, pp.
22-30).
Kennedy evaluated the
engagement in an online course during one semester, with a focus on the varying
levels of self-efficacy in regards with online learning. The article focused on
three groups of students with varying degrees of self-efficacy and how they
experienced engagements in an online course in higher education. The study
defined self-efficacy as how the students held their own ability and beliefs to
complete the required activities and actions for learning in an online course. The
research on self-efficacy is limited with regards to online learning and
engagement, so the study further focused on student satisfaction and motivation.
Furthermore, internet and computer self-efficacy were included in the study
with students and online learning. A survey was designed and distributed to the
students that focused on the varying levels of self-efficacy with online
learning. The survey entailed of five brief questions in the format of
open-ended and sought responses on activities that they felt most engaged and
most distanced. What activities and actions by the instructor were most
beneficial and which ones were either puzzling or not useful to the students.
Finally, the last question focused on what surprises the students encountered
during the course. Engagement was measured on a four-point rating scale with
the four topics being; content/activities, media/technologies, classmate/social
presence, and instructor/teaching presence. Kennedy emphasizes in the study
that students with a higher self-efficacy with computer, internet and prior
online course experiences used more effective learning strategies, had higher
motivation, which in turned increased their course satisfaction and their final
grade. In
Kennedy’s study there is an emphasis that motivation was a strong factor for
the student learners in the course and that the studied showed a higher level
of motivation for male over female students when it came to internet
self-efficacy. It further appeared that prior online learning experience
contributed to higher motivation and increased satisfaction with students
registered in the course. Kennedy indicated that there was a strong correlation
in regards to engagement in the course to motivation, overall satisfaction and
the structural design of the course. Kennedy concludes the article noting that
there were several limitations in the study and additional research that
focuses on the instructional design of online courses in relation to the tools,
motivation and engagement would be beneficial.